NOUN CLAUSE

Nouns clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai nomina. Atau dengan kata lain noun clause juga digunakan atau memiliki fungsi yang sama sebagai noun (kata benda). Karena fungsinya sebagai nomina, maka noun clause dapat berfungsi sebagai: subject kalimat (subject of a sentence), object verba transitif (object of a transitive verb), object preposisi (object of a preposition), pelengkap (complement), dan pemberi keterangan tambahan (noun in apposition). Untuk lebih jelasnya, silahkan perhatikan contoh-contoh di bawah ini.

Fungsi dan Contoh Noun Clause

1.    Noun clause sebagai subject kalimat (subject of a sentence)

 Contoh kalimat:

What you said doesn’t convince me at all.

(Apa yang kamu katakan tidak meyakinkan aku sama sekali)

How he becomes so rich makes people curious.

(Bagaimana dia menjadi begitu kaya membuat orang-orang menjadi penasaran)

What the salesman has said is untrue.

(Apa yang sudah dikatakan oleh pedagang itu tidak benar)

That the world is round is a fact.

(Bahwa bumi itu bulat adalah suatu kenyataan)

2.    Noun clause sebagai object verba transitif (object of a transitive verb)

 Contoh kalimat:

I know what you mean.

(Saya tahu apa yang kamu maksud)

I don’t understand what he is talking about.

(Saya tidak mengerti apa yang sedang dia bicarakan)

Please tell me what happened.

(Tolong katakana pada saya apa yang terjadi)

He said that his son would study in Australia.

(Dia mengatakan bahwa puteranya akan belajar di Australi)

Verb (kata kerja) yang dapat diikuti oleh noun clause, dalam hal ini diikuti frase “that-clause” antara lain:

Admit: mengakui

Realize: menyadari

Announce: mengumumkan

Recommend: menganjurkan

Believe: percaya

Remember: mengingat

Deny: menyangkal

Reveal: menyatakan, mengungkapkan.

Expect: mengharapkan

Say: mengatakan

See: melihat

Forget: lupa

Stipulate: menetapkan

Hear: mendengar

Suggest: menganjurkan

Inform: memberitahukan

Suppose: mengira

Know: mengetahui, tahu

Think: berpikiri, berpendapat.

Promise: berjanji

Understand: mengerti, memahami

Propose: mengusulkan

Wish: berharap

3.    Noun clause sebagai object preposisi (object of a preposition)

 Contoh kalimat:

Please listen to what your teacher is saying.

(Tolong dengarkan apa yang sedang di bicarakan gurumu)

Be careful of what you’re doing.

(Hati-hati dengan apa yang sedang kamu lakukan)

4.    Noun clause sebagai pelengkap (complement)

 Contoh kalimat:

The good news is that the culprit has been put into the jail.

(Kabar baiknya adalah pelaku kejahatannya sudah dimasukkan ke penjara)

This is what I want.

(Ini adalah apa yang aku inginkan)

That is what you need.

(Itu adalah apa yang kamu butuhkan)

5.    Noun clause sebagai pemberi keterangan tambahan (noun in apposition)

 Contoh kalimat:

The idea that people can live without oxygen is unreasonable.

(Ide/ gagasan bahwa orang dapat hidup tanpa oksigen itu tidak masuk akal)

The fact that Adam always comes late doesn’t surprise me.

(Kenyataan bahwa Adam selalu datang terlambat tidak mengejutkan saya)

CATATAN:

Klausa yang dicetak tebal pada contoh kalimat di atas adalah noun clause yang dimana fungsinya adalah sebagai nomina/ noun (kata benda).

 

TO INFINITIVE GUESTION

 

QUESTION WORD

Noun clauses with question words adalah klausa nomina yang diawali dengan kata tanya, seperti: when, where, why, how, who, whom, what, which, whose.

Contoh:
- I don’t know where he lives.
- Do you know when they came?
- Please tell me what you want!
- I don’t understand why Susan is absent today.
- I wonder who is outside.
- I don’t know who she is.
- I don’t know whose car that is.


Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
(a) Where does he live?
(b) I don’t know where he lives.
(c) When did they leave?
(d) Do you know when they left?
(e) What did she say?
(f) Please tell me what she said.
(g) Why is Jerry angry?
(h) I wonder why Jerry is angry.
(i) Who came to class?
(j) I don’t know who came to class.
(k) What happened?
(l) Tell me what happened?

Dari contoh di atas, yang termasuk klausa nomina atau noun clause adalah (b),(f), (h), (j), (l), sedangkan (a),(c),(e), (g), (i), (k) disebut sebagai kalimat tanya atau information question (wh-question). Jadi, noun clause with a question word dan information question berbeda pemakaiannya dalam suatu kalimat. Khusus untuk (d) adalah kalimat tanya (do you know…) yang di dalamnya mengandung klausa nomina (when they left).

 

YES/NO QUESTION
A reported yes-no question also begins with the main clause, but is followed by the content of the quote as it relates to the speaker in time, person, place, and direction, at the moment of speaking.  A subordinating marker if or whether links the reported speech to the main clause.
MAIN CLAUSE	REPORTED SPEECH
My friend asked	whether I was going with them.
My friend asked	if my brother was going too.
My friends ask	whether I can drive them.
My friend asked	if I would have enough gas.
My friend wanted to know	whether we had enough money for gas.

REPORT SPEECH

Reported Statements
When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person said.
Watch my reported speech video:
Here's how it works:
We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell' . If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

• Direct speech: "I like ice cream"
• Reported speech: She says she likes ice cream

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.
But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

• Direct speech: "I like ice cream"
• Reported speech: She said she liked ice cream

Tense	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present simple	"I like ice cream"	She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous	"I am living in London"	She said she was living in London.
past simple	"I bought a car"	She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car.
past continuous	"I was walking along the street"	She said she had been walking along the street.
present perfect	"I haven't seen Julie"	She said she hadn't seen Julie.
past perfect*	"I had taken English lessons before"	She said she had taken English lessons before.
will	"I'll see you later"	She said she would see me later.
would*	"I would help, but.."	She said she would help but...
can	"I can speak perfect English"	She said she could speak perfect English.
could*	"I could swim when I was four"	She said she could swim when she was four.
shall	"I shall come later"	She said she would come later.
should*	"I should call my mother"	She said she should call her mother
might*	"I might be late"	She said she might be late
must	"I must study at the weekend"	She said she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn't change
Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

• Direct speech: "The sky is blue"
• Reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue

Reported Questions
So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. But how about questions?

• Direct speech: "Where do you live?"

How can we make the reported speech here?

In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence. Confusing? Sorry, maybe this example will help:

• Direct speech: "Where do you live?"
• Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.

Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple.

Another example:

• Direct speech: "where is Julie?"
• Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.

The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to change them back before putting the verb into the past simple. Here are some more examples:

Direct Question	Reported Question
"Where is the Post Office, please?"	She asked me where the Post Office was.
"What are you doing?"	She asked me what I was doing.
"Who was that fantastic man?"	She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question words to help us. Instead, we use 'if':

• Direct speech: "Do you like chocolate?"
• Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate.

No problem? Here are a few more examples:

Direct Question	Reported Question
"Do you love me?"	He asked me if I loved him.
"Have you ever been to Mexico?"	She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.
"Are you living here?"	She asked me if I was living here.

Reported Requests
There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For example:

• Direct speech: "Close the window, please"
• Or: "Could you close the window please?"
• Or: "Would you mind closing the window please?"

All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when we tell another person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':

• Reported speech: She asked me to close the window.

Here are a few more examples:

Direct Request	Reported Request
"Please help me"	She asked me to help her.
"Please don't smoke"	She asked me not to smoke.
"Could you bring my book tonight?"	She asked me to bring her book that night.
"Could you pass the milk, please?"	She asked me to pass the milk.
"Would you mind coming early tomorrow?"	She asked me to come early the next day.

To report a negative request, use 'not':

• Direct speech: "Please don't be late."
• Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.

Reported Orders
And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely? We can call this an 'order' in English, when someone tells you very directly to do something. For example:

• Direct speech: "Sit down!"

In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use 'tell' instead of 'ask':

• Reported speech: She told me to sit down.

Direct Order	Reported Order
"Go to bed!"	He told the child to go to bed.
"Don't worry!"	He told her not to worry.
"Be on time!"	He told me to be on time.
"Don't smoke!"	He told us not to smoke.

Time Expressions with Reported Speech

Sometimes when we change direct speech into reported speech we have to change time expressions too. We don't always have to do this, however. It depends on when we heard the direct speech and when we say the reported speech.

For example:

It's Monday. Julie says "I'm leaving today".

If I tell someone on Monday, I say "Julie said she was leaving today".
If I tell someone on Tuesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving yesterday".
If I tell someone on Wednesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving on Monday".
If I tell someone a month later, I say "Julie said she was leaving that day".

So, there's no easy conversion. You really have to think about when the direct speech was said.

Here's a table of some possible conversions:

now	then / at that time
today	yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June
yesterday	the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday / the 5th of December
last night	the night before, Thursday night
last week	the week before / the previous week
tomorrow	today / the next day / the following day / Friday

Asal usul dan pencetus kata GALAU

“Aduuh aku lagi ‘galau’ nih ditinggal sama pacar.”
Hmm… Kata-kata galau ternyata sudah menjamur di kalangan remaja Indonesia , bahkan populernya sudah melebihi kata alay, lebay dan sekelompoknya. Tapi sebenernya apakah kalian tahu apa arti galau dan bagaimana sih kata itu kok bisa terciptakan?

Banyak diantara kalian pasti tahu kata-kata galau ini dari situs jejaring sosial, karena memang bener ternyata arti galau tercetus dari akun twitter @poconggg yang sering membuat status dengan hashtag #galau. Dan karena banyak orang yang nge-fans dengan @poconggg, jadi buming deh kata-kata galau itu yang mewakili perasaan si @poconggg ini. Pada akhirnya karena remaja Indonesia mudah terkontaminasi, banyak deh yang ikut-ikutan setiap bikin status dicantumkan si galau ini.

Tapi ternyata, di kamus besar bahasa Indonesia memang sudah ada kata galau itu. Namun nggak sepopuler setelah banyak bermunculan di timeline dan beranda. Dalam bahasa Indonesia yang dibenarkan, galau mempunyai arti : ber – ga – lau : sibuk beramai – ramai ; ramai sekali ; kacau tidak karuan ( piikiran ), ke – ga – lau – an : sifat (keadaan hal). Nah, jadi emang bener tuh si @poconggg nggak asal-asalan memunculkan sebuah kata.

nah, disini ada beberapa kata-kata galau yang akan saya contohkan. tapi bukan dari saya sendiri juga yah. :)

 

 

Aku butuh pagi setelah gelap hari Aku butuh tempat untuk kudiami, ,Aku butuh tersenyum setelah bersedih, Aku butuh hati untuk disayangi.

Selemah-lemahnya pacar adalah pacar yang hilang di malam mingguan

Jika kini kita sudah tak bersma..

Aku akan slalu tersenyum akan hadirmu..

Tpi hati ini akan terluka kmbli jika kau bersama yang lain..:((

Jika waktu tak mampu lagi mengajariku melupakanmu,
lalu, dengan apa lagi Tuhan menguji kesetiaanku.

Aku tidak berharap untuk menjadi aku terpenting dihidupmu . Karena itu merupakan permintaan yang terbesar bagiku .

Aku hanya berharap suatu saat nanti , jika kau melihat aku.

Kau akan tersenyum dan berkata "Dialah orang yang selalu menyayangiku